Causes, incidence, and risk factors
The exact cause of testicular cancer is unknown. There is no link between vasectomy and testicular cancer. Factors that may increase a man's risk for testicular cancer include:
- Abnormal testicle development
- History of testicular cancer
- History of undescended testicle
Other possible causes include exposure to certain chemicals and HIV infection. A family history of testicular cancer may also increase risk.
Testicular cancer is the most common form of cancer in men between the ages of 15 and 35. It can occur in older men, and rarely, in younger boys.
White men are more likely than African-American and Asian-American men to develop this type of cancer.
There are two main types of testicular cancer: seminomas and nonseminomas. These cancers grow from germ cells, the cells that make sperm.
Seminoma: This is a slow-growing form of testicular cancer usually found in men in their 30s and 40s. The cancer is usually just in the testes, but it can spread to the lymph nodes. Seminomas are very sensitive to radiation therapy.
Nonseminoma: This more common type of testicular cancer tends to grow more quickly than seminomas. Nonseminoma tumors are often made up of more than one type of cell, and are identified according to these different cell types:
- Choriocarcinoma (rare)
- Embryonal carcinoma
- Teratoma
- Yolk sac tumor
A stromal tumor is a rare type of testicular tumor. They are usually not cancerous. The two main types of stromal tumors are Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors. Stromal tumors usually occur during childhood.
Symptoms
There may be no symptoms. Symptoms that may occur can include:
- Discomfort or pain in the testicle, or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
- Pain in the back or lower abdomen
- Enlargement of a testicle or a change in the way it feels
- Excess development of breast tissue (gynecomastia), however, this can occur normally in adolescent boys who do not have testicular cancer
- Lump or swelling in either testicle
Symptoms in other parts of the body, such as the lungs, abdomen, pelvis, back, or brain, may also occur if the cancer has spread.
Signs and tests
A physical examination typically reveals a firm lump (mass) in one of the testicles. When the health care provider holds a flashlight up to the scrotum, the light does not pass through the lump.
Other tests include:
- Blood tests for tumor markers: alpha fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta HCG), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
- Chest x-ray
- Ultrasound of the scrotum
An examination of the tissue is usually done after the entire testicle is surgically removed.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the:
- Type of testicular tumor
- Stage of the tumor
Once cancer is found, the first step is to determine the type of cancer cell by examining it under a microscope. The cells can be seminoma, nonseminoma, or both.
The next step is to determine how far the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. This is called "staging."
Stage I cancer has not spread beyond the testicle.- Stage II cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen.
- Stage III cancer has spread beyond the lymph nodes (it could be as far as the liver, lungs, or brain).
Three types of treatment can be used.
- Surgical treatment removes the testicle (orchiectomy) and may also remove nearby lymph nodes (lymphadenectomy). This is usually performed in the case of both seminoma and nonseminomas.
- Radiation therapy using high-dose x-rays or other high-energy rays may be used after surgery to prevent the tumor from returning. Radiation therapy is usually only used for treating seminomas.
Support Groups
Joining a support group where members share common experiences and problems can often help the stress of illness. Your local branch of the American Cancer Society may have a support group. See: www.cancer.org for more information.
The National Cancer Institute website also provides further information: www.cancer.gov
Expectations (prognosis)
Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable and curable cancers.
The survival rate for men with early-stage seminoma (the least aggressive type of testicular cancer) is greater than 95%. The disease-free survival rate for Stage II and III cancers is slightly lower, depending on the size of the tumor and when treatment is begun.
Complications
Testicular cancer may spread to other parts of the body. The most common sites include the:
- Abdomen
- Lungs
- Retroperitoneal area (the area near the kidneys behind the other organs in the belly area)
- Spine
Complications of surgery can include:
- Bleeding and infection after surgery
- Infertility (if both testicles are removed)
If you are of childbearing age, ask your doctor about methods to save your sperm for use at a later date.
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of testicular cancer.
Prevention
The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends against routine screening for testicular cancer because there is no known effective screening technique. This recommendation does not apply if there is a personal history of an undescended testicle.
References
- Einhorn LH. Testicular cancer. In Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 206.
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology:Testicular cancer. 2012. Version 1.2012.
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American Cancer Society Says Marijuana and Testicular Cancer Could Be Linked
Melissa Pruitt, La Tee Da Photography 
The American Cancer Society has published a study that links the use trend of marijuana by young males to testicular cancer.The journal Cancer published a study linking marijuana use by males to the development of testicular cancer. The study showed those with a history of marijuana use may have a higher risk of developing testicular cancer. The chance a man has to develop testicular cancer sometime in their lifetime is 1 in 270, according to the American Cancer Society. Out of those one in 5,000 men with testicular cancer 1 will die from the disease.As of May of 2012, the American Cancer Society estimated 360 deaths due to the disease for the year and 8,590 new cases. The theory by Victoria Cortessis, who led the study, is that marijuana use may is that marijuana may somehow interact with developing testicles. The study also narrowed down the type of testicular cancer to a specific one, nonseminoma. Which is about what half of the germ-cell type testicle cancers are.The study also showed out of the 163 young men studied 80% admitted to marijuana use. While 70% of the 300 men surveyed without testicle cancer said they used marijuana.The study also noted those who admitted cocaine use had a lower risk of testicular cancer.
