The study included 130 women in the Boston area who had given birth early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy, and 352 women who delivered at full term between 2006 and 2008. The researchers measured the levels of common phthalates
such as DEHPin the women's urine up to three times during their pregnancies.They found that women who had the highest levels of phthalate metabolites in their urine had a risk of preterm birth
that was two to five times higher when compared with women who had the lowest levels.What's more, when the researchers looked only at the 57 women who had "spontaneous preterm delivery," meaning they didn't have a medical condition that could explain their early delivery, they found the link between exposure to phthalates and risk of preterm delivery was stronger, according to the study published today (Nov. 18) in JAMA Pediatrics.
"These data provide strong support for taking action in the prevention or reduction of phthalate exposure during pregnancy," the researchers wrote in their findings.
]"For women who are interested in reducing their exposure, reducing use of personal care products, buying phthalate-free [products] when possible, and eating fresher foods may help, although research on that is limited," said study researcher John Meeker, an associate professor of Environmental Health Sciences at University of Michigan School of Public Health.
Preterm birth, defined as the birth of an infant before 37 weeks of pregnancy, is a leading cause of death or long-term neurological disabilities in children. The rate of preterm birth in the United States has increased by more than a third between 1981 and its peak at 12.8 percent in 2006. The rates slightly decreased in the subsequent years
,
to about 11.5 percent in 2012, which means one out of every eight
children is now born prematurely, according to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC).
A recent review of studies looking for what might underlie the
increase in preterm birth rates identified risk factors such as
increasing maternal age and use of assisted reproduction. However,
nearly half of the increase remains unaccounted for, said Shanna Swan, a
professor of preventive medicine at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount
Sinai, New York.The new study provides "strong evidence that environmental chemicals, and phthalates in particular, likely contribute significantly to that unknown and other category," Swan wrote in an editorial published along with the new study.
The study showed an association, not a cause-and-effect relationship, between phthalates and preterm birth. However, there are reasons to think phthalates could cause preterm births; for example, phthalates may cause inflammation in the uterine lining, the researchers said.
Lab studies have shown that phthalates can cause inflammation, but this needs to be studied in humans. Other ideas about possible mechanisms by which phthalates affect pregnancy involve women's immune response
, oxidative stress, and hormone disruption."There's a list of things phthalates have been shown to do in experimental studies. Much work is left to be done in human observational studies," Meeker told LiveScience.
Other factors that contribute to higher risks of preterm delivery include smoking, drinking, infection, stress and high blood pressure during pregnancy. A study published in January 2013 in the journal Lancet predicted that current interventions to address known risk factors would decrease preterm birth rates by only 5 percent by 2015.
Exposure to phthalates may be one risk factor that could be prevented by behavioral modification or through policies aiming at reducing the use of phthalates, the researchers said.
